In today’s digital world, securing your business data and sensitive information is paramount. Instances of high profile data breaches are more rampant than ever, while the technology used to bolster against attacks range from less than ideal to completely inadequate. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) has long been a trusted method to add an extra layer of security to online accounts. However, it’s not without its drawbacks, particularly when it comes to balancing security and user convenience.

Continuous Authentication, a more advanced and versatile approach, is emerging as a solution to giving users the convenience they need without sacrificing security. In this article, we’ll explore the key differences between Continuous Authentication and 2FA, shedding light on how Continuous Authentication addresses the market gap that forces people to choose between security and convenience.

What is two-factor authentication?

Before delving into Continuous Authentication, let’s briefly understand Two-Factor Authentication (2FA). 2FA is a widely adopted security method that requires users to provide two separate forms of identification before gaining access to an account or system.

These typically fall into three categories:

• Something you know: This includes passwords, PINs, or security questions. Users enter something they “know” to verify their identity.
• Something you have: This involves physical devices such as a smartphone, a smart card, or a token. Users possess something they “have” to prove their identity.
• Something you are: This category relates to biometrics like fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, or iris scanning. Users authenticate their identity based on unique physical traits.

An example of 2FA

When logging into your email account, you enter your password (something you know), and then receive a one-time code on your smartphone (something you have). Both are required for access.

What is continuous authentication?

Continuous Authentication takes security to the next level by constantly verifying a user’s identity throughout their session, rather than just at login. It’s a dynamic approach that adapts to user behavior, ensuring that access remains secure even if unusual activity is detected. Instead of relying solely on static elements like passwords or tokens, continuous authentication introduces consistent end-to-end security methods, such as tracing IP addresses or utilizing behavioral biometrics, to effectively detect system breaches in real time.

While the specific methods and technologies used can vary, here are ten common types of continuous authentication techniques in the cybersecurity industry:

1. Behavioral biometrics: Analyzing the unique patterns of user behavior, such as typing speed, mouse movement, and touchscreen gestures, to verify identity.

2. Keystroke dynamics: Continuously monitoring the user’s typing rhythm, keystroke pressure, and timing to detect anomalies.

3. Mouse movement analysis: Tracking the user’s mouse movements, including speed, acceleration, and path, to identify unusual patterns.

4. Voice recognition: Utilizing voiceprints and voice characteristics to verify the user’s identity through speech analysis.

5. Facial recognition: Continuously authenticating the user by analyzing facial features, expressions, and other facial biometric data.

6. Location-based authentication: Verifying the user’s identity based on their physical location using GPS data or IP address geolocation.

7. Device fingerprinting: Continuously monitoring and verifying the characteristics and attributes of the user’s device, including hardware, software, and configuration details.

8. Contextual authentication: Evaluating the context of the user’s actions, such as the time of day, location, and access patterns, to determine if it aligns with their typical behavior.

9. Heartbeat and pulse authentication: Using biometric sensors, such as wearables or smartphone sensors, to measure the user’s heartbeat or pulse for continuous verification.

10. Machine learning and AI algorithms: Employing advanced machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to analyze user behavior and detect anomalies or suspicious activities in real-time.

A realworld example of continuous authentication

Imagine you’re working on an important document, the likes of which only you are have clearence to edit.  Continuous Authentication powered by behavioral biometrics continually assesses the permitted user’s typing patterns (i.e., yours), ensuring that every character in the document was typed by you and only you. Should a hacker break into a system and begin editing your document with typing patterns disimilar from of yours, administrators will immediately recognize their commands as illegitimate.

Comparing methodology: Continuous authentication vs.  two-factor authentication

Continuous Authentication and Two-Factor Authentication both aim to enhance security, but they do so in fundamentally different ways. Let’s explore the key differences:

1. Real-time vs. point-in-time authentication:

• 2FA: 2FA authenticates users at a specific point in time, usually during login. Once authenticated, users have access until they log out or their session times out. This method is effective but leaves a gap between authentication events, making it susceptible to session hijacking if a malicious actor gains control of an active session.
• Continuous authentication: As the name suggests, Continuous Authentication continually verifies a user’s identity throughout their session. Even if a session is compromised, Continuous Authentication can detect unusual behavior and prompt reauthentication, thwarting unauthorized access.

2. Static vs. dynamic authentication:

• 2FA: 2FA relies on static elements like passwords, tokens, or biometric data, which are initially verified during login. Once authenticated, these elements remain unchanged until the user logs out.
• Continuous authentication: Continuous Authentication uses dynamic elements like Cryptographic Signatures, monitoring user keystrokes in real time.

3. Balancing security and convenience:

• 2FA: While effective for security, 2FA often  inconveniences users. They must remember additional credentials or have physical devices on hand. In some cases, it can lead to frustrated users who might seek workarounds, potentially compromising security.
• Continuous authentication: Continuous Authentication bridges the gap between security and convenience. Users can work without constant interruption, as their actions are continuously authenticated in the background. This approach provides robust security without sacrificing user experience.

4. Response to unusual behavior:

• 2FA: 2FA often lacks real-time responses to unusual behavior during a session. It primarily focuses on the initial authentication, and any suspicious activity post-login might go unnoticed until the next login attempt.
• Continuous authentication: Continuous Authentication excels at detecting and responding to unusual behavior in real-time. If it identifies something out of the ordinary, like a sudden change in typing speed or unfamiliar mouse movements, it can prompt additional verification or even terminate the session to prevent unauthorized access.

5. Protection against insider threats:

• 2FA: While effective against external threats, 2FA might not be as robust in guarding against insider threats, where authorized users misuse their access.
• Continuous authentication: Continuous Authentication is well-suited to detect insider threats. Should an employee take advantage of a company’s system, administrators will know exactly where the commands came from.

Bridging the gap with continuous authentication

Continuous Authentication and Two-Factor Authentication serve as pillars of modern cybersecurity, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. While 2FA is a reliable method for enhancing security during login, Continuous Authentication takes security to a new level by continually verifying user identity throughout their session. Its ability to balance security with convenience makes it a compelling choice for businesses seeking robust protection in an evolving digital landscape.

Stop stealthy hackers where other security systems can’t